Hi atropine, and Welcome to TechIMO!
I'll have a stab at some of these questions you have. There is a lot in there, though.
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With this I immediately began getting security alerts - all stating "Backdoor/SubSeven Trojan horse" and "Protocol: TCP (Inbound)".
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Inbound means it's an attack from outside your PC. Outbound would be bad - that would mean a trojan is trying to "call home". This could be any kind of attacker - maybe a port sniffer just looking for something to get into.
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My ISP changes the IP address every so many weeks so we figured people were just still trying to connect to the IP that used to be infected.
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If the IP address is changed every two weeks, then any previous address the trojan had sent would be invalid. This wouldn't be causing the scans you are getting now. Port scans and trojan attacks are pretty common place these days. There are lots of nasties out there.
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and "lsass.exe" trying to connect to the internet (once).
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This is a
Microsoft thing. Most times stopping it from connecting to the internet won't do much harm. Might upset Windows Update, I think.
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Are the security alerts all innocent since they are blocked or should I be concerned by their frequency (while in stealth mode) and repeatedly the same type of attack? Does the various things the different scans found mean anything when it is all put together or just a benign coincidence?
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As long as the firewall is reporting them blocked, it's OK. It possibly is because your IP range is somehow being targeted by a trojan (possibly other IP addresses on the list are being used already), so make sure you continue to run the firewall. Oh, and email your ISP and tell them what is happening. Might be something they can block at their end.
Sounds to me like you have run as many tools as you can on your standalone system. A dedicated firewall with intrusion detetction would be the next level of protection you could go to, but is probably unnecessary on a single home based system. Sounds to me like you are as well protected as you can be ATM.
Hope this helps. Some of the real security gurus here will probably weigh in shortly.
Cheers
Mick
I see DVNT1 beat me!