You narrowed down the problem, that's the first part.
What I would do next is attempt to wire that HD up to another PC as a 2nd drive if you have one, or go to the library and do it so if it breaks theirs no big problem

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Other then that, theirs not a lot you can do unless someone else has ideas. Maybe if you got a big, strong magnet and completely obliterated any traces of a partition table you would be able to succesfully hook it back up without errors, and reformat from their. Please note, I'm not joking. Find a magnet and start zapping!